Dear Bloggie...

Ok... Today...
Very scary...
Why?
Coz tml is my science practical exams for O levels...
Wah kaoz... SCARED LIKE CRAP SIA.... brrrrrrr....
Haish....
Ok letz go thru d notes...

If there's acid involved and heating involved...
Prepare limewater...
If not sure also still prepare..
Also prepare litmus paper...

If there's Sodium Hydroxide and Ammonia solution used...
There's a test for cations...which are positively charged ions..
Check table on how 2 phrase d description...

If Nitric acid, Aluminium or nitrates used...
Itz a test for Anions...which are negatively charged ions..
Again, refer back to d table on how 2 phrase d description...

To prepare for gas....
There's two ways....
Use Blue and Red litmus papers...
And also the limewater test...
D limewater should not be more den 2cm cube in d test tube...
Spray the litmus paper with distilled water to make it damp...
DO NOT USE TAP WATER for damping d litmus paper...
Ah yes, put a wooden splint beside the bunsen burner...

Procedures in testing for gas...
Tild d test tube to trap d gas...VERY IMPORTANT...
Observe d colour change...
Smell...(If smell like urine, confirm ammonia gas)
Use litmus paper..
Den limewater...
Lighted wooden splint and lastly Glowing splint...
There are reasons to why d splint tests are placed last..

Carbon Dioxide----------------carbonates ion present
Ammonia----------------------Ammonium ion present
Oxygen------------------------nitrates ion present
Water Vapour-----------------water of crystallisation is present
Chlorine-----------------------chloride ion present
Nitrogen Dioxide---------------nitrate ion present

Den must noe the types of flames...Luminous, non luminous....